Fig. 2

ALM reduced fibrosis in the infrapatellar fat pad following knee implant surgery. At 4 weeks post-surgery, intact knee joints from non-operated, and operated knees of animals that received an intraoperative, intra-articular bolus of saline or ALM were decalcified and processed for histology. a Representative stained section of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) (upper panels: hematoxylin and eosin; magnification, × 100; middle panels: Masson Goldner trichrome magnification, × 100 and × 400; lower panels: α-SMA, magnification, × 400) from non-operated, operated saline-treated and ALM-treated knees. Histopathological features of IFP inflammation were scored according to changes in the synovial lining (arrowheads) and deposition of fibrotic tissue (f). Compared to saline controls, b synovitis, and c fibrosis was significantly reduced in IFP from ALM-treated animals. Similarly, the percentage of tissue positive for d α-SMA and e collagen staining was significantly reduced in ALM-treated knees, compared to saline controls. Data shows mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, vs. baseline (no surgery, no treatment), #P < 0.05, compared to saline controls; n = 6 per group