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Fig. 3 | Translational Medicine Communications

Fig. 3

From: Intra-articular Adenosine, Lidocaine and Magnesium (ALM) solution decreases postoperative joint fibrosis in an experimental knee implant model

Fig. 3

ALM reduces fibrosis in joint capsular tissue following knee implant surgery. Four weeks after knee implant surgery, animals were sacrificed and anteromedial capsular tissue dissected from operated and non-operated knees. Remaining intact knee joints were decalcified and processed for histology. a Representative stained section of the medial joint capsule (upper panels: hematoxylin and eosin; magnification, × 40; middle and lower panels: α-SMA, magnification, × 100 and × 400) from non-operated, operated saline-treated and ALM-treated knees. b Thickness of the medial joint capsule (black bar) was measured. At 4 weeks post-surgery, medial capsule thickness was significantly reduced in operated knees of ALM-treated animals, compared to saline controls. c Compared to saline controls, blood vessel density was significantly lower in medial joint capsular tissue from ALM-treated animals. d α-SMA staining was also significantly reduced in ALM-treated animals compared to controls. e Similarly, mRNA expression of α-SMA (Acta2) was significantly reduced in joint capsular tissue from ALM-treated animals, compared to controls. f Protein and g gene expression of TGF-β1 was also lower in the joint capsule of knees from ALM-treated animals. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Data shows mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, vs. baseline (no surgery, no treatment), #P < 0.05, compared to saline controls; n = 6 per group

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