Table 4 Summary of Study Findings
Summary of Study Findings | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S/No | Study | Keywords | Instagram Focus | Mental Health | Study Design | Measures/Scales | Demographics | |||
No. | Age | Gender | Nationality | |||||||
1 | Khodarahi mi & Fathi, 2017 | age; anxiety; depression; gender; online social messaging applications; stress | Instagram as one out of 7 online social messaging applications (Viber, WhatsApp, Line, Telegram, Tango, Instagram, Facebook) | stress, anxiety, depression | Systematic random sampling survey | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI- II) | 440 | 211 adolescents (11–19 yrs.). 229 young adults (20–29 yrs.) | M = 231 F = 209 | Iran |
2 | Weinstein, 2017 | adolescents; emotions; Instagram use; social browsing; social comparison; well-being | Instagram browsing | affective well-being | 1) experimental design 2) semi- structured interviews | Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS) | 1) 507. 2) 24. | 1) M = 15.3; SD = 1.0. 2) M = 15.7; SD = 1.2 | 1) m = 261 f = 239. 2) m = 11 f = 13 | USA |
3 | Li et al., 2018 | peer feedback; coping; depressed mood; self- esteem; teenager; social media. | selfie-posting behaviour on Instagram | peer feedback importance, self-esteem, depressed mood | Cross- sectional survey (Paper- Pencil) | Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale, Kandel Depressed Mood Scale for adolescents, Brief COPE Inventory | 296 | m = 14.22. SD = 0.82 | Only female | Singapore |
4 | Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2018 | social networking; psychological l wellbeing; online behaviour; Instagram. | Instagram use | mental health outcomes and self- perceptions | 1) Cross- sectional survey 2) Experiment | None | 129 | M = 24.60; SD = 4.54. 18–35 yrs. | Only female | Austria |
5 | Jeri-Yabar et al., 2019 | depression; social networking; addictive behaviour; social network dependence. | social media dependence (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) | depressive symptoms | transversal, analytical research | Beck Depression Inventory, Social Media Addiction Test | 212 | M = 20. 18–35 yrs. | m = 116. f = 96 | Peru |
6 | Frison & Eggermont, 2017 | Instagram; browsing; posting; liking; depressed mood; adolescence | different types of Instagram use: browsing; posting; liking | depressed mood | longitudinal panel study | The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) | 671 | M = 14.96, SD = 1.29. 12–19 yrs | M = 39%, f = 61% | Belgium |
7 | Stapleton, Luiz & Chatwin, 2017 | Instagram; youth; social networks; self-esteem; social comparison | social comparison and Intensity of Instagram use | self-esteem, self-worth | online question naire | Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure, Facebook Intensity Scale (adapted), Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale, Contingencies of Self Worth Scale | 237 | M = 23.12, SD = 2.17. 18–29 yrs | M = 93, F = 144 | Australia |
8 | Lup, Trub & Rosenthal, 2015 | Instagram use, negative social comparison; depressive symptoms | Instagram use and number of strangers one follows | depressive symptoms through negative social comparison | online questionnaire | Center for Epidemiological Resources Scale for Depression, Social Comparison Rating Scale | 117 | M = 24.81, SD = 2.51. 18–29 yrs | M = 16%, F = 84% | USA |
9 | Yang, 2016 | loneliness; social networking site; social comparison; well-being; social media | social media use (interaction; browsing; broadcasting) and social media comparison orientation (SCO) | loneliness | Questionnaire | Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure, UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 | 208 | M = 19.43, SD = 1.35. 18–25 yrs | M = 22% F = 78% | USA |