Table 1 Demographic information of T2DM patients and healthy controls

Age (mean ± SD)

55.10 ± 9.27

56.34 ± 9.76

0.1690

Age groups (years)

31–40 years

8 (3.7)

13(5.9)

41–50 years

70(32.0)

49(22.4)

51–60 years

83(37.9)

82(37.4)

61–70 years

44(20.1)

60(27.4)

71–80 years

14(6.4)

15(6.8)

Gender

Female

135 (61.4)

133 (57.30)

BMI(Kg/m²)

0.8030

Underweight

11(5.0)

8(3.6)

Normal

91(41.6)

95(43.6)

Overweight

74(33.8)

73(33.5)

Obese

43(19.6)

43(19.7)

Education

Tertiary

29(13.3)

39(17.8)

Senior high

72(33.0)

50(22.8)

Junior high

71(32.6)

72(32.9)

Lower primary

28(12.8)

25(11.4)

No formal education

18(8.3)

33(15.1)

Occupation

 < 0.0001*

Employed

147(67.4)

144(66.1)

Retired

21(9.6)

26(11.9)

Keeping house

14(6.4)

21(9.5)

Unemployed

26(16.6)

27(12.5)

Physical activity

Sedentary

30(13.8)

49(22.4)

Moderate activity

114(52.3)

89(40.6)

Active

74(34.0)

81(37.0)

Clinical/biochemical data

  WHtR

0.56 ± 0.08

0.56 ± 0.08

0.6060

  SBP (mmHg)

145.88 ± 24.33

139.61 ± 24.88

0.0080*

  DBP (mmHg)

84.63 ± 14.42

82.40 ± 13.22

0.0940

 FBS (mmol/l)

5.86 ± 0.95

9.23 ± 4.31

 < 0.00001*

  HbA1c (mmol)

5.30 ± 0.77

8.35 ± 2.17

 < 0.00001*

  TC (mmol/l)

4.69 ± 1.26

4.57 ± 1.18

0.0272*

  TG (mmol/l)

1.35 ± 0.97

1.22 ± 0.53

0.1120

  HDL-c(mmol/l)

1.24 ± 0.33

1.365 ± 0.32

0.0001*

  LDL-c(mmol/l)

2.88 ± 1.05

2.65 ± 1.09

0.0270*