Table 3 Characteristics of outcomes

Study outcomes (n=13)

Collaboration outcomes

8

61

Collaboration and Research outcomes

4

31

Research outcomes

1

8

Outcome measurement tool (n=13)

Subjective measure

2

15

Objective measure

1

8

Objective and Subjective measures

1

8

Missing

9

69

Barriers (n=20)

Mixed**

11

55

 Lack of financial support

10

91

 Lack of knowledge/information

10

91

 Lack of leadership

8

73

 Lack of robust management structures

8

73

 No integration in educational programs

8

73

 Intellectual property rights

1

9

 Arduous task

1

9

 Ownership of data

1

9

 Career disincentives

1

9

 Difficulty of simultaneously performing health care and research  activities in a hospital setting

1

9

 Fragmented infrastructure

1

9

 Incompatible databases

1

9

 Lack of confidence

1

9

 Practice limitations

1

9

 Time-consuming

1

9

Lack of financial support

2

10

Lack of knowledge/information

1

5

Missing

6

30

Facilitators (n=20)

Mixed**

18

90

 Collaboration partnership

12

67

 Cooperation

8

44

 Multidisciplinary research teams

8

44

 Project management

8

44

 Researcher management

8

44

 Collaboration internal organisation

7

39

 Leadership

6

33

 Collaboration infrastructure

5

28

 Human resources

4

22

 Material resources

3

17

 Financial support

3

17

 Flexibility

1

6

 Interactions between Consortiums

1

6

 Training course

1

6

Financial support

1

5

Missing

1

5

Impact (n=20)

Not reported

13

65

Reported

7

35