Fig. 1

CD39 and CD73 expression on B cells in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. a Representative dot plots of CD39 and CD73-expressing cells from healthy individual and patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. b CD39 and CD73 mRNA expression in B cells isolated from HCs (n = 6) and TPs (n = 6). c Percentages of CD39⁺, CD73⁺, and CD39⁺CD73⁺ B cells in the peripheral blood of TPs (n = 100), CRs (n = 36), and HCs (n = 36). Correlation analysis between the percentages of CD39⁺, CD73⁺, and CD39⁺CD73⁺ B cells and CD4/CD8 ratios (d), and HIV RNA (e) in TPs. f The dynamic changes of CD39⁺, CD73⁺, and CD39⁺CD73⁺ B cells in response to c-ART drugs (3TC + TDF + LPV/r). Data are mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test