Table 1 Summary of CTRPs expression in pathophysiological states and their metabolic functions

CTRP1

Adipose tissue, heart, liver, muscle, ovary, kidney, placenta, prostate

↑ human

↑ ob/ob mice

↑ T2D

↑ CAD

↑ MI

↑ NAFLD

↑ NAFLD with T2DM

–

AMPK, p44/42-MAPK

↑ FA oxidation,

↑ Glucose uptake,

CTRP1 loss disrupts lipid and glucose homeostasis,

CTRP1 KO mice prone for MI Rosiglitazone ↑ CTRP1

[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]

CTRP2

Adipose tissue, lung, liver, testis, uterus, Stromal vascular cells

↑ ob/ob mice

–

↑ CAD

–

–

AMPK, ACC, p44/42-MAPK

↑ Energy expenditure;

↑ Insulin sensitivity;

↑ Lipid tolerance;

↑ Glycogen accumulation and FA oxidation in myotubes,

[7, 10, 19, 23,24,25,26]

CTRP3

Adipocytes, Fibroblast, pancreas, kidney, thymus,

↓ Human

↓ DIO

↑ ob/ob mice

↓T2D

↓MI

↓ PCOS women

p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK, p-AKT, AMPK

↓ Adipogenesis,

↓ Gluconeogenesis,

CTRP3 KO reduces liver size,

↑CTRP3 with fasting GLP-1R agonist improves IS by increasing CTRP3

[27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]

CTRP4

Brain, Adipose tissue, Skeletal muscle

↑ ob/ob mice

–

–

–

–

↓Apetite

↓ Body weight.

[7, 38, 39]

CTRP5

Adipose tissue, liver, Heart, Brain, Lung, Pancreas, uterus, thymus, skeletal muscle

↑ Human

↑ ob/ob mice

↓ T2D

↓ CAD

↓ NAFLD

↓ NAFLD + T2DM

–

AMPK, ACC, p38 MAPK

↑ Insulin action and hepatic steatosis due to loss of CTRP5

Regulates glucose and lipid metabolism

↓Insulin sensitivity in liver

[10, 26, 40,41,42,43,44]

CTRP6

Adipose tissue, heart

↑ob/ob mice

↑ Human

AMPK, Akt

↑ FA oxidation

Regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.

↓ MI induced Cardiac fibrosis.

[26, 45, 46]

CTRP7

Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, lung, placenta

↑Human

↑ob/ob

mice

↑ CAD

Calorie restriction

↑CTRP7 impairs glucose metabolism

[25, 26, 47,48,49]

CTRP9

Adipose tissue, Brain, heart, liver

↑Human

↓ DIO mice

↑ T2D

↓ MI

↓ CAD

↑ PCOS women

P44/42 MAPK, Akt, AMPK/ eNOS/NO

↑ FA oxidation

↓ Apetite

↓ Ischemic reperfusion injury

↓ Hepatic and skeletal muscle triglycerides protect against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance

[34, 50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]

CTRP10

Adipose tissue, Brain, Placenta

↑ ob/ob mice

–

–

–

–

[26, 38]

CTRP11

Adipose tissue, Brain, Kidney

P44/42 MAPK

↓ Adipogenesis

[7, 38, 59]

CTRP12

Adipose tissue.

↓ ob/ob

↓ DIO

↓T2D

↓ PCOS women

PI3K/Akt, AMPK

Antiinflammatory

↑ Insulin sensitivity

↓ Gluconeogenesis

Rosiglitazone ↑ CTRP12

[14, 60,61,62]

CTRP13

Brain, adipose tissue

↓ Food intake

↑ Insulin sensitivity

Rosiglitazone ↑ CTRP13

[63, 64]

CTRP15

Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver

↓HFD mice

↑CAD

PI3/Akt/ mTOR

↑ Fatty acid uptake in adipocytes, hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

[7, 38, 49, 65, 66]