Fig. 3

Systemic inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in male and female ALM-treated and Saline control animals after ACLR surgery. Plasma concentrations of A pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β, B neutrophil chemoattractants, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), growth-regulated oncogene/keratinocyte chemoattractant (GRO/KC) and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), and C monocyte and lymphocyte chemoattractants, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) prior to (-24 h), and at 1, 24, 72 and 120 h after ACLR surgery. Data show mean ± SEM. Mixed ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test, * p < 0.05, ALM (Female), compared to Saline Control (Female). Ψ p < 0.05 Saline (Male), compared to Saline (Female). Shaded areas in graphs show mean ± SEM for healthy baseline male (blue) and female (red) animals (n = 8 per sex). Dotted line represents commencement of ACLR surgery (time 0)