Fig. 5

Molecular and histopathology changes in ACL graft and synovial tissue. A Representative images of operated knees, B joint swelling, and C relative concentrations (percentage change from levels in non-operated contralateral knees) of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β) and chemokines (LIX, MIP-2, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α) in synovial fluid of male and female ALM-treated and Saline control animals 72 h after ACLR surgery. D Relative expression of markers of neutrophil infiltration (chemokine ligand 6, Cxcl6), inflammation (nuclear factor kappa B, Nfκb; nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3, Nlrp3); anti-oxidative signalling (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, Nrf2); and wound healing growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, Vegf; fibroblast growth factor 1, Fgf1) in the ACL graft and remnant tissue of ALM-treated and Saline control male and female animals 72 h post-surgery. Data show mean ± SEM (joint swelling, inflammatory mediators) or median ± IQR (gene expression). Mixed ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test (joint swelling), Kruskal–Wallis test (cytokines, gene expression). Δ p < 0.05 male Saline, compared to pre-surgery. ƒ p < 0.05 male ALM, compared to pre-surgery. † p < 0.05 female Saline, compared to pre-surgery. § p < 0.05 female ALM, compared to pre-surgery