B-cell differentiation is pressuromodulated as determined by pressuromodulation mapping: Part I, cell differentiation

Data acquisition and overall methodology

Locations of 25 B-cell differentiation stage genes, CD34, PRDM1 (alias BLIMP-1), PTPRC (alias CD45; B220), CD40 (alias TNFRSF5), CD19 (alias B4), MS4A1 (alias CD20), CR2 (aliases CD21; EBV R 2), CD27, CD38, CD79A (alias B-cell ARC-AP α) and CD79B (alias B-cell ARC-AP β), RAG2, RAG1, AICDA, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, PCNA, MKI67, ENPP1 and ESPL1 [4], and locations of downstream and upstream genes were mined at GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/) and at LNCipedia.org (http://www.lncipedia.org/), pseudogenes included and enhancers excluded (Additional file 1: Table S1) [2].

The downstream and upstream intergene base distances were tabulated, and episodic sub-episode sums split-integrated weighted average-averaged gene overexpression tropy quotients (esebssiwaagoT_Qs) for each gene were calculated, as follows: First, the 3′- > 5′ and 5′- > 3′ direction paired point tropy quotients (prpT_Qs) were determined; second, initial anisotropic and mesotropic sub-episode blocks (SEB; ASEB, MSEB) were determined, which are constant per episode; third, final anisotropic and mesotropic sub-episode blocks (SEB; ASEB, MSEB) were determined, which are variable; and fourth, the 5′ - > 3′ direction esebssiwaagoT_Qs to the final esebssiwaagoT_Q was determined.

Upon determination of the gene esebssiwaagoT_Qs a pressuromodulation map in order of gene overexpression was generated to simulate the order of pressuromodulation-mediated gene expression changes during B-cell differentiation.

Determination of the 3′- > 5′ and 5′- > 3′ direction paired point tropy quotients (prpT _Qs)

where the total number of prpT_Q points are the total of the reverse order 3′ - > 5′ prpT_Q points beginning at the 1^st Order and the forward order 5′- > 3′ prpT_Q points beginning at the 0^th Order, and

where the total number of prpT_Q points are those that achieve the n^th order of 5′- > 3′ prpT_Q beginning at the 0^th Order for either 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 episodes to the ending confirmation for the respective gene base category.

Determination of initial anisotropic and mesotropic sub-episode blocks (SEB; ASEB, MSEB) for characterization of episodic character

The anisotropic and mesotropic sub-episode blocks (SEB; ASEB, MSEB) were determined,

where the 0^th order prpT_Q containing SEB is the 1^st 5′ - > 3 ′ prpT_Q SEB, and

where one episode is a singular anisotropic sub-episode block (ASEB) followed by a singular mesotropic sub-episode block (MSEB), or vice versa [ie beginning or ending with an ASEB (anisotropic period), beginning or ending with an MSEB (mesotropic period)], ASEB and the MSEB periods with overlapping; and

where the number of initial sub-episode blocks (initial SEBs) for establishing a gene category with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity (100% accuracy) are: 5 initial SEBs for an Episode 2 category gene, 7 initial SEBs for an Episode 3 category gene, 9 initial SEBs for an Episode 4 gene, 11 initial SEBs for an Episode 5 gene, and 13 initial SEBs for an Episode 6 gene [2].

Determination of final anisotropic and mesotropic sub-episode blocks (SEB; ASEB, MSEB)

where a single 5′ - > 3’ ASEB prpT_Q point or multi-anisotropic point ASEB is a non-contributory (NC) anisotropic sub-episode block (NCA) when it is immediately preceded by reverse anisotropy 3′ - > 5′ prpT_Qs of equivalent or greater magnitude, in which case there may also be intervening non-contributory reverse stI or stI points if the 5′ - > 3’ ASEB prpT_Q point remains anisotropic upon consideration of full-magnitude of each reverse stI and/or stI (NCstI), and

where a mesotropic prpT_Q point of a single or multiple point MSEB converts to stIsotropy due to the presence of preceding stIsotropy, then further adjusted to serve as half-magnitude (0.5-factor adjusted) stIsotropy for an anisotropic point of a single or multiple point ASEB (stIM; stIMfA), which may or may not convert to a mesotropic point, and

where a mesotropic prpT_Q point of a single or multiple point MSEB converts to stIsotropy due to the presence of preceding stIsotropy, then further adjusted to serve as half-magnitude (0.5-factor adjusted) stIsotropy for another mesotropic point of a single or multiple point MSEB (stIM; stIMfM).

Determination of the 5′ - > 3′ direction esebssiwaagoT _Qs to the final esebssiwaagoT _Q

The complete 5′ - > 3′ direction episodic sub-episode sums split-integrated weighted average-averaged gene overexpression tropy quotients (esebssiwaagoT _Q s; fract) were determined to the final esebssiwaagoT_Q in upstream anisotropic, upstream mesotropic, downstream anisotropic and downstream mesotropic parts.

where k is an upstream 5′ - > 3′ direction point intergene segment distance in an ASEB, and

where p is a downstream 5′ - > 3′ direction point intergene segment distance in an ASEB, and

Pressuromodulation mapping

B-cell differentiation genes were arranged pressurotopically in descending and ascending order by the gene esebssiwaagoT _Q in reference to the three periods of B-cell polarization  and B-cell maturation stage. First, stem cell marker gene, CD34, transcription factor adapter gene, PRDM1 and B-cell polarization genes, PTPRC and CD40 were arranged. Then, B-cell cluster of differentiation receptor genes, CD19, MS4A1, CR2, CD27 and CD38, and cluster of differentiation receptor B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated proteins, CD79A and CD79B, were arranged. Third, VDJ recombinase genes, RAG2 and RAG1, and consensus sequence recognition (CSR)/somatic hypermutation enzyme genes, APOBEC3A/APOBEC3B, AICDA, APOBEC3C/APOBEC3D/APOBEC3F/APOBEC3G and APOBEC3H, were interposed. Last, cell proliferation marker genes, PCNA, ENPP1, MKI67 and ESPL1 were placed.

The stem cell, Pro-B cell, Large pre-B cell, Small pre-B cell, Immmature B-cell, Mature naive B-cell [→ B-cell/plasmablast], and Evolved Mature naive B-cell [→ B-plasma cell/plasmablast] stages were denoted in reference to the three B-cell polarization periods, the maximum polarization (CD40R+), the full-refractory (CD40R-) and the half-refractory (CD40R±).

After the B-cell pressuromodulation map was generated, the general intervals of the following events were denoted on the map: (1) internal CSR (iCSR) for Allele 1 (IGHM) and CM IgM+ IgD-; (2) homologous recombination for Allele 2 (IGHD) and CM IgM+ IgD+; and (3) initial stage of further sequential CSRs to CM IgG3+, IgG1+, etc., either allelic or bi-allelic.

Stem cell cluster of differentiation gene, CD34

CD34 is a 2 episode, 5 initial SEB and 3 final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. CD34 has one instance of non-contributory anisotropy. CD34 is a 2 M [5(− 2): 3] NCA gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.65 (0.648) (Table 1, Table 2; Fig. 1).

Germline Gene	Germline gene locus	Ch No. (Strand)	Total no. of transcribed bases at gene locus or n/a (episode category)a	Initial no. of sub-episode blocks (converted final no. of sub-episode blocks, or n/a)	Germline gene 2-digit (3-digit) esebssiwaagoT Q , or n/a
CD34	CD34//lnc-C1orf132–5	1q32.2 (−)	34,319 (2)	5 (3)	0.65 (0.648)

^a> 11,864 ≤ 265,005 total transcribed bases, Episode category 2 gene; Episode category 3 gene bases, ≤ 11,864 total transcribed bases, Episode category 3 gene

Gene Symbol	No. of Episodes [Initial no. of SEBs (final no. of SEBs)]a-e	\( \underset{0}{\overset{1}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{2}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{3}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{4}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{5}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{6}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{7}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{8}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{9}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{10}{\int }} \)	\( \underset{0}{\overset{11}{\int }} \)
CD34	2 M [5(− 2): 3] NCA	0.68	0.67	0.65 (0.648)

^a1st episode beginning with an anisotropic sub-episode block (SEB), A, or beginning with a mesotropic SEB, M; ^bnon-contributory anisotropic sub-episode block (NCA); ^cnon-contributory single or multiple stabilizing isotropy points or reverse stabilizing isotropy point(s), NCstI; ^danisotropy converted-to-mesotropy, ACM; and ^eindirect reverse stIsotropy and/or stIsotropy for anisotropy, stMfA, or for mesotropy, stMfM

B-cell transcription factor adapter gene, PRDM1

B-cell polarization receptor genes, CD40 and PTPRC

CD40 is a 2 episode, 5 initial SEB and final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. CD40 is a 2 A (5) gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.26 (0.257).

B-cell cluster of differentiation receptor genes CD19, MSA1, CR2, CD27 and CD38

CD19 (B4) is a 3 episode, 7 initial and 5 final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. CD19 has one instance of non-contributory anisotropy, and one instance of non-contributory reverse/stIsotropy. CD19 is a 3 M [7(− 2): 5] NCA NCstI gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.15 (0.153).

MS4A1 (CD20) is a 2 episode, 5 initial SEB and 3 final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. MS4A1 has one instance of non-contributory anisotropy. MS4A1 is a 2 A [5(− 2): 3] NCA gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.30 (0.299).

CR2 (CD21; EBV R 2) is a 2 episode, 5 initial and final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. CR2 is a 2 A (5) gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.11 (0.109).

CD27 is a 2 episode, 5 initial and final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. CD27 has two instances of non-contributory anisotropy. CD27 is a 2 M (5) NCA × 2 gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.19 (0.194).

B-cell cluster of differentiation pre-B-cell receptor genes, CD79B and CD79A

CD79A (B-cell ARC-AP α) is a 3 episode, 7 initial SEB and final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. CD79A is a 3 M (7) gene a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.14 (0.137).

B-cell VDJ recombinase genes, RAG2 and RAG1

RAG2 is a 2 episode, 5 initial and 4 final SEB gene that begins with an mesotropic SEB. RAG2 has two instances of non-contributory anisotropy, and one instance of non-contributory reverse/stIsotropy. RAG2 is a 2 M [5(− 1): 4] NCA× 2 NCstI gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.31 (0.306).

CSR and somatic hypermutation enzyme genes, AICDA, and APOBEC3A through APOBEC3H

AICDA is is a 3 episode, 7 initial and final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. AICDA has two instances of anisotropy converted-to-mesotropy. AICDA is a 3 M (7) ACM × 2 gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of .27 (0.266).

APOBEC3A/APOBEC3B is a 2 episode, 5 initial and final SEB gene that begins with a mesotropic SEB. APOBEC3/APOBEC3B has one instance of indirect stIsotropy for anisotropy, and one instance of non-contributory anisotropy. APOBEC3/APOBEC3B is a 2 M (5) stIMfA NCA gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.22 (0.216).

APOBEC3C/APOBEC3D/APOBEC3F/APOBEC3G is a 2 episode, 5 initial SEB and final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. APOBEC3C/APOBEC3D/APOBEC3F/APOBEC3G has one instance of non-contributory anisotropy. APOBEC3C/APOBEC3D/APOBEC3F/APOBEC3G is a 2 A (5) NCA gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.17 (0.173).

Cell proliferation marker genes, MKI67, ENPP1, PCNA and ESPL1

MKI67 is a 2 episode, 5 initial SEB and final SEB gene that begins with an mesotropic SEB. MKI67 is a 2 M (5) gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.33 (0.329).

ENPP1 is a 2 episode, 5 initial and final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. ENPP1 has two instances of anisotropy converted-to-mesotropy. ENPP1 is a 2 A (5) ACM × 2 gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.31 (0.308).

PCNA is a 3 episode, 7 initial SEB and 4 final SEB gene that begins with an anisotropic SEB. PCNA has two instances of non-contributory anisotropy. PCNA is a 3 A [7(− 3): 4] NCA × 2 gene with a final esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.28 (0.285).

Methodological considerations in determination of gene esebssiwaagoT _Qs

Since the validation of the 5′ - > 3′ esebssiwaagoT _Q , no changes to the methodology have been made [2, 3]; however, some new acronyms have been utilized to indicate single or multiple occurrences within a single sub-episode block (SEB), where the phrase, one stance, refers to single or multiple occurrences within a single SEB, while the phrase two instances refers to the same in 2 different SEBs.

The new acronyms include: (1) NCA to indicate a non-contributory anisotropic sub-episode block (SEB) due to the presence of reverse anisotropy of equal or greater magnitude; (2) NCstI to indicate single or multiple non-contributory stabilizing isotropy point(s) or reverse stabilizing isotropy point(s) within a SEB; (3) ACM to indicate anisotropy converted-to-mesotropy due to direct reverse stIsotropy (3′ → 5′ direction on the same strand) and/or stIsotropy (5′ → 3′ direction on the same strand) preceding a single anisotropic prpT_Q point of a single or multiple point-containing anisotropic SEB; and (4) stMfA or stMfM to indicate the presence of indirect reverse stIsotropy and/or stIsotropy that first converts a single mesotropic point into a stIsotropy point that after a further 0.5-factor adjustment (half-magnitude adjustment) may or may not convert the next single anisotropic point (stMfA) into a mesotropic point, or the same that may theoretically convert the next single mesotropic point to another stIsotropy point (encountered 0% of the time thus far) or may not convert the next single mesotropic point to another stIsotropy point (encountered 100% of the time thus far).

Determination of cell differentiation stage in gene esebssiwaagoT _Q-based B-cell differentiation pressuromodulation mapping

Cell differentiation stages have been determined on the basis of overexpressed and under-expressed B-cell markers taking into consideration changes in B-cell morphology [4] in reference to the three periods of B-cell polarization (Fig. 1. Pressuromodulation map of B-cell differentiation stages).

The Early pro-B cell stage begins with the overexpression of PRDM1 (PRDM1 gene esebssiwaagoT _Q : 0.356) and lasts into the 1^st maximum CD40LG-CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization period (CD40R+) (Fig. 1).

The Large pre-B cell stage with B-cell morphology of the same is before the 1^st half-refractory CD40LG-CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization period until the 1^st B-cell division (CD40R+), and the Small pre-B-cell stage with B-cell morphology of the same begins after the 1^st half-refractory CD40LG-CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization period following the 1^st B-cell division (CD40R±) (Fig. 1).

The Immature B-cell stage begin after the 3^rd maximum CD40LG-CD40R mediated B-cell polarization period (CD40R+) when CD20R is over-expressed (MS4A1 gene esebssiwaagoT _Q : 0.299) and CD38R is under-expressed (CD38 gene esebssiwaagoT _Q : 0.212), and lasts into the 2^nd half-refractory CD40LG-CD40R mediated B-cell polarization period until the 2^nd B-cell division (CD40R±) (Fig. 1).

The Mature (naïve) B-cell-stage begins after the 2^nd half-refractory CD40LG-CD40R mediated B-cell polarization period following the 2^nd B-cell division (CD40R±), and lasts into the 4^th fully-refractory CD40LG-CD40R mediated B-cell polarization period (CD40R-) when CD21R is over-expressed (CR2 gene esebssiwaagoT _Q : 0.109) during the nadir (Fig. 1).

Supra-pressuromodulated gene CD34 expression at an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.648 is consistent with pluripotent cells being the most pressuromodulated cells

Pluripotent stem cells are maintained at the cortical sub-cortical cavern interface of the myeloid bone marrow due to synergistic cell membrane (CM) pressuromodulation. These cells overexpress CD34 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.648), which is consistent with the over-pressuromodulated state of pluripotency.

For the subset of CD34R+ pluripotent stem cells that divide to mature further in the sub-cortical marrow caverns to express antagonist transcription factor gene PRDM1, it is the overexpression of PRDM1 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.356) and then CD40 and CD40R that drives the cell differentiation  process down the B-cell lineage path and starts the V(D)J gene recombination process  [20]; whereas, for the subset of CD34R+ stem cells that divide to mature further in the sub-cortical marrow caverns to express transcription factor gene GATA1, it is the overexpression of GATA1 and then the transferrin receptor I gene, TFRC and its endocytic receptor TFR (CD71) that drives the hemopoietic differentiation process down the erythroid lineage path to the anucleated erythrocyte for example [21, 22].

Supra-pressuromodulated transcription factor antagonist gene PRDM1 with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.356 and B-cell polarization gene PTPRC with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.345 consistent with a PTPRC PRDM1 expression-potentiating effect

Both the master transcription factor antagonist gene, PRDM1, and B-cell polarization receptor gene, PTPRC, are expressed within 0.011 esebssiwaagoT_Q units of each other, the former at 0.356 and the later at 0.345; as such, PTPRC expression potentiates the duration of PRDM1 expression, which results in maximal PRDM1 expression, the transcription factor antagonist (TF ANT) of C-MYC.

The PTPRC, protein product, CD45R, binds to its dendritic cell CM overexpressed receptor ligand on a morphologically sprouted cell type, which polarizes less. Thus, the  CD45R-mediated B-cell polarization effect will be much lesser in magnitude than that of the CD4R+ T-cell CD40LG-to-B-cell CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization effect; however, sufficient enough for maximizing PRDM1 gene expression. Following sustained PRDM1 expression and PRDM1 repression of C-MYC, B-cell intracellular pressure either: (1) decreases at a slower rate to a pressure of 0.26 (0.257) esebssiwaagoT_Q units that results in maximal CD40 expression (CD40R+) and in a maximal polarization period  (Fig. 1); or (2) decreases at a faster rate to below 0.26 units that results in CD40 non-expression and a full refractory polarization period (CD40R-) (Fig. 1).

Therefore, the maximal CD40 expression (CD40R+) period is a function of preceding PRDM1 expression only, while the CD40 non-expression period (CD40R-) is a function of preceeding CD40 and PRDM1 expression in series [20].

Supra-pressuromodulated gene CD40 expressed at an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.257 is the master regulator of B-cell polarization during maximum polarization and half-refractory periods

There are three maximal B-cell polarization periods (CD40R+), there are two half-refractory B-cell polarization periods (CD40R±), and four full-refractory B-cell polarization periods (CD40R-) to the Mature naïve B-cell cell membrane IgM and IgD antibody expression stage, the IgM+/IgD+ B-cell (Fig. 1).

The expression of B-cell CD40 and CD40R at 0.257 esebssiwaagoT_Q units results in the CD40LG-CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization (CD40R+) and is of sufficient magnitude to temporarily increase intracellular pressure upto 0.41 esebssiwaagoT_Q units during B-cell differentiation in the myeloid marrow (phase 1) and the lymph node (phase 2) until B-cell to plasma cell transformation. As mitochondrial content is lowest during earliest stages of B-cell development, initially there are two sequential periods of maximal CD40LG-CD40R-mediated B-cell polarization (CD40R+). And, after each maximal B-cell polarization period, the rate of decrease in B-cell intracellular pressure is sufficient to decrease the intracellular pressure below 0.257 esebssiwaagoT_Q units to result in a full refractory period (CD40R-) when the B-cell enters its G₀ phase (Fig. 1).

By the end of the 2^nd full refractory period (CD40R-), the B-cell mitochondrial content has increased and stabilized  within a constant interval in which it then fluctuates in the Yang Yin, while the B-cell has matured to the point of a mid-to-late Large pre-B cell. The 1^st half-refractory period follows  (CD40R±), during which a  B-cell divides (Fig. 1).

The existence of two successive initial periods of maximal CD40R polarization is a function of B-cell mitochondrial content.

Infra-pressuromodulated cluster of differentiation receptor genes CD19, CR2, CD27 and CD38 between an esebssiwaagoT _Q range of 0.109–0.194 are G₀ phase expressed genes

The G₀ phase B-cell cluster of differentiation marker genes are CD27 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.194), CD19 (B4) (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.153), and CR2 (CD21) (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.109) appear to be sequentially expressed in descending then ascending order throughout B-cell maturation. MS4A1 (CD20) (esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.299) is first expressed during the 1^st maximal B-cell polarization period (CD40R+) and thereafter during each maximal B-cell polarization period; while, the rest of the CD marker genes are expressed during the peri-nadir after each full-refractory period into each maximal B-cell polarization period and into each half-refractory period, when the B-cell enters its G₀ phase.

As per the classical B-cell maturation pathway (T-cell mediated pressuromodulator antigen pathway), the B-cell cluster of differentiation marker genes are expressed sequentially during the first two phases of B-cell differentiation. They are expressed  through the myeloid marrow phase, during the Large pre-B cell, Small pre-B-cell and Immature B-cell stages to the point of a CM IgM+ and a Allele 2 (IGHD) V(D)J step-completed early Immature B-cell (Fig. 1). And then, they are expressed through the node germinal center phase, during the Mature naïve B-cell and Evolved Mature naïve B-cell stages to the point of CM IgM+ IgD+ Mature naïve B-cell after homologous recombination or to the point of a CM IgM+ IgM+ Mature naïve B-cell after initial allelic exclusion → [secretory IgM+(± IgD+) or IgM+/IgM+ Mature B-pre-plasma/plasma cell and lymph node exit in early live infection (IgM response) when peak concentrations of systemically circulating antigenic pressuromodulators are present (Fig. 1)] → primary isotype switched Ig_+/Ig_ + 1st generation Evolved Mature naïve B-cell for example → [secretory IgG_+/IgG_ + and lymph node exit in either (1) late live infection (IgG response) when lower concentrations of systemic antigenic pressuromodulators are present, or (2) in attenuated strain/type vaccination [23] or non-pathogenic antigen vaccination when local concentrations of antigenic pressuromodulators are present (Fig. 1)].

Supra-pressuromodulated B-cell receptor gene CD79B with an esebssiwaagoT_Q of 0.271 and infra- pressuromodulated gene CD79A with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.137 are unimodally expressed during the secretory antibody phase

Both CD79B (B-cell ARC-AP β) and CD79A (B-cell ARC-AP α) are required for stably anchored cell membrane antibody. The α and the β BCR subunit genes are expressed temporarily in series in between the full refractory and maximum polarization periods at intracellular pressures of 0.137 and 0.271 units, respectively  (Fig. 1). This is the case during the first two phases when  CD4R+ T-cell-mediated B-cell polarization and the CD40 (Yin) → PRDM1 (Yang) → 0.10 to 0.12 units nadir  effect is driving the B-cell differentiation process, as B-cell pressure oscillates in between the peak and the nadir.

During the third phase, the B-cell-to-pre-plasma/plasma cell transformation secretory antibody phase, either the CD79B β subunit or the CD79A α subunit is expressed. Thus, there is a shift to unimodal expression of the respective BCR subunits as the secretory phase is driven by the antigenic pressuromodulation effect, either positive or negative. The positive antigen pressuromodulator effect via B-plasma cell toll-like receptors (TLR) for example will increase B-cell pressure and maintain it in the supra-pressuromodulated gene expression range (>0.25 esebssiwaagoT_Q units) such as in the case of V3-23DJ-IGHM and V1-3DJ-IGHM for example [20]; while, the negative antigen pressuromodulator effect via cell membrane perturbation for example will decrease B-cell pressure and maintain it in the infra-pressuromodulated gene expression range (< 0.25 esebssiwaagoT_Q units) such as in the case of V5-51DJ-IGHM [20].

The complete cell membrane (CM) BCR with antibody Fab region-bound antigen does not positively pressuromodulate B-cells to any significant degree. This contrasts with mast cells, which mediate IgE hypersensitivity. Mast cell Fc gamma receptor-bound IgE pressuromodulates, that crosslinked by specific antigen also pressuromodulates, in synergism with CM receptor-bound mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD), an endocytic pressuromodulator.

Supra-pressuromodulated VDJ recombinase gene RAG2 with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.306 and infra-pressuromodulated RAG1 with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.139 are bimodally expressed and mechanistically mutually exclusive

The VDJ recombinase genes, RAG2 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.306) and RAG1 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.139) are bimodally expressed (Fig. 1); this maximizes the efficiency of the B-cell VDJ gene recombination process as the enzymes are mechanistically mutually exclusive.

Only one VDJ recombinase, either RAG1 or RAG2, is required during any pressuromodulation period since the D → J (or J → D) sub-phase of the 3′-J(7)(23)(9) ↔ (7)(12)(9)D(9)(12)(7) ↔ (9)(23)(7)V-5′ process [19, 24] is as follows: (1) one recombinase grasps the D gene flanking heptamer bases i.e. RAG2 at an intracellular pressure of 0.31 +/− esebssiwaagoT_Q units when the D gene locus is horizontal; (2) the intracellular pressure decreases and the strand breaks at the RAG2 still bound-base handle; (3) the other recombinase grasps the J gene flanking nonomer bases i.e. RAG1 at an intracellular pressure of 0.14 +/− esebssiwaagoT_Q units when the J gene locus is horizontal, and the strand breaks at the RAG1 still bound-base handle; and (4) the D gene joins the J gene and the D → J step is complete, and vice versa in case of J → D.

Thus, an esebssiwaagoT_Q match is not necessary in VDJ recombinase-dependent gene recombination [20], as the mechanism is as such.

Supra-to-infra-pressuromodulated CSR enzyme gene loci genes AICDA, APOBEC3A/-B, APOBEC3C/−D/-F/−G and APOBEC3H express over a wide range of  esebssiwaagoT _Q s, the range for iCSR, homologous recombination and CSR

The CSR enzyme gene loci include AICDA that expresses at 0.266 esebssiwaagoT_Q units, APOBEC3A/-B at 0.216 esebssiwaagoT_Q units,  APOBEC3C/−D/-F/−G at 0.173 esebssiwaagoT_Q units and APOBEC3H at 0.102 esebssiwaagoT_Q units. APOBEC3H is not a significant contributor as it is expressed at 0.102 units, which is a transient B-cell pressure at the nadir. Thus, post-V(D)J gene internal consensus sequence recognition (iCSR), homologous recombination (HR) and CSR is most efficiently achieved within the 0.281 to 0.158 esebssiwaagoT_Q units pressure range, although they do take place at cell pressures as low as 0.13 units [20], for which the APOBEC3C/-D/-F/-G locus expressed enzyme concentrations are sufficient. The upper range for expression is 0.266 plus 0.015 and the lower range is 0.173 minus 0.015 units as the respective genes/gene loci are sufficiently horizontal within ± 0.015 esebssiwaagoT_Q units [20].

In comparison to V(D)J recombination [19], iCSR [25], homologous recombination [26] and CSR [19] require that both DNA strands be  horizontal at the same intracellular pressure for simultaneous enzymatic activity at downstream and upstream AGC trinucleotide base-rich sequences at the same time [27, 28]. Therefore, an esebssiwaagoT_Q match is necessary for iCSR, homologous recombination and CSR [20].

There is always an initial internal CSR (iCSR) of the IGHM switch sequence region [25] that results in V(D)J-IGHM [20]. There are four transcribeable MIR genes at 3 separate gene loci within IGHM's upstream switch region, which render the IGHM switch sequence more stably horizontal than the other heavy chain loci gene switch sequences [20]. This is probably why IGHM internal CSRs early [25], while the switch regions of the downstream heavy chain genes, IGHG3, IGHG1, IGHA1, IGHG4, IGHE and IGHA2, preferentially CSR to VDJ6-remaining MIR/MIRs-IGHM's switch region after its internal CSR [20].

In the case of Allele 2 (IGHD), when there is no esebssiwaagoT_Q match for homologous recombination and initial allelic exclusion, then there is delayed iCSR of the IGHM switch region on Allele 2 [20], which results in a IgM+ IgM+ Mature naïve B-cell.

Trimodal expression of somatic hypermutation enzyme genes AICDA with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.266, APOBEC3A/-B with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.216 and APOBEC3C/−D/-F/−G with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.173 is consistent with maximum SHM for AGC trinucleotide base-rich antibody genes expressing at around the respective esebssiwaagoT _Q s

The somatic hypermutation (SHM) enzyme gene AICDA is expressed frequently, between the maximum polarization and half-refractory periods at an intracellular pressure of 0.266 esebssiwaagoT_Q units. While, the four SHM enzyme gene locus genes, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are expressed during the peri-nadir of the full refractory periods at an intracellular pressure of around 0.173 esebssiwaagoT_Q units (Fig. 1).

Somatic hypermutation takes place during B-cell maturation via the classical pathway [10, 18, 29]. It appears to be related to the frequency and duration of CD4R+ T-cell dependent B-cell pressure responses to certain pressures: (1) 0.266 ± 0.015 (0.281 to 0.251) esebssiwaagoT_Q units range in which V3-23DJ-IGHM and V3-23DJ-IGHG1 CSR [20]; (2) 0.216 ± 0.015 (0.231 to 0.201) esebssiwaagoT_Qunits range in which CD38 expresses at 0.212 ± 0.015 (0.227 to 0.197) units [30] and CD27 at 0.194 ± 0.015 (0.209 to 0.179) units [31]; and (3) 0.173 ± 0.015 (0.188 to 0.158) esebssiwaagoT_Q units range in which CD19 expresses at 0.153 ± 0.015 (0.168 to 0.138) units [32] and the IGH_ genes sequentially CSR to a tertiary CSR in reference to V5-51DJ-IGHM [20].

Therefore, there should be maximum somatic hypermutation for CSR recombining and/or recombined immunoglobin heavy chain genes at around the respective SHM enzyme expression esebssiwaagoT_Qs, which are also the intracellular pressures at which the heavy chain expressing genes are horizontal for maximum enzymatic AGC trinucleotide Cytidine base substitution with Uridine, DNA strand breakage, and replacement of phosphorylated Uridine with a phosphorylated Adenine nucleotide [19, 27, 28].

Supra-pressuromodulated cell proliferation marker genes PCNA with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.283, MKI67 with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.329, and ESPL1 with an esebssiwaagoT _Q of 0.275 express unidirectionally

For productive progression to mitogenesis cell division, the sequential expression of proliferative phase transcription factor genes is necessary, which begin expressing in the intracellular pressure range between 0.245 and 0.260 esebssiwaagoT_Q units [2]. The proliferation marker genes follow in expression, PCNA (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.285) expresses just prior to mitoses during the DNA synthesis sub-phase, ENPP1 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.308) expresses in mitoses [33], MKI67 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.329) expresses early in mitoses and as early as prophase [34, 35], while ESPL1 (esebssiwaagoT_Q: 0.275) expresses later in mitoses during anaphase [36].

The proliferative marker genes are expressed during Large pre-B cell division to Small pre-B-cells, during Immature B-cell division to Mature naïve B-cells as well as during Mature naïve B-cell division to Evolved mature (naïve) B-cells (Fig. 1).

The proliferation marker genes are uni-directionally expressed, PCNA → MKI67 → ESPL1 (Fig. 1), which in the case of ESPL1 implies that one or more limiting transcription factors must be expressed at an intracellular pressure greater than 0.275 esebssiwaagoT_Q units rather than at an intracellular pressure lower than 0.275 units.